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A sale of goods contract requires offer, acceptance, consideration (the price paid for the goods), and an intention to create legal relations. It need not be in writing to be enforceable for most goods, but a written contract is strongly advisable to record the agreed description, price, delivery terms, and what happens if either party defaults.

Satisfactory quality is defined in section 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Goods must meet the standard a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking into account their description, price, and any other relevant circumstances. This covers appearance, safety, durability, and freedom from minor defects. The standard is objective, not based on the buyer's personal expectations.

In consumer contracts, sellers cannot exclude the implied terms at all. In B2B contracts, exclusion is possible but only if the clause satisfies the reasonableness test under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Courts look at factors such as the relative bargaining power of the parties, whether the buyer had an opportunity to negotiate, and whether insurance was available.

For specific (identifiable) goods, ownership passes when the parties intend it to pass, which is usually on contract formation unless the contract says otherwise. For unascertained goods (such as goods to be manufactured), property passes when the goods are unconditionally appropriated to the contract. Retention of title clauses can delay transfer even after delivery.

In a consumer contract, the Consumer Rights Act 2015 gives a 30-day right to reject, then rights to repair or replacement, and finally a price reduction or final right to reject. In a B2B contract under the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the buyer can reject for breach of condition or accept and claim damages. The buyer must act promptly as delay can constitute acceptance of the goods.

An unpaid seller may exercise a lien over the goods (retain them until paid), stop goods in transit if the buyer is insolvent, and resell if the right to do so exists. The seller can sue for the price under section 49 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 where property has passed and the buyer simply refuses to pay. If property has not yet passed, the seller claims damages for non-acceptance.

The contract should specify where delivery is to take place (seller's premises, buyer's premises, or an agreed third location), the deadline for delivery, what constitutes valid delivery, and what happens if delivery is late. Incoterms (such as DAP or EXW) are commonly used in international goods contracts to allocate delivery and risk responsibilities without lengthy descriptions.

Not necessarily. Under section 8 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, where no price is agreed, a reasonable price must be paid. However, relying on this implied term creates uncertainty. It is always better to state the price, the currency, any applicable taxes, and whether the price includes carriage, insurance, or installation costs, to avoid post-contract disputes.